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The arraypad module contains a group of functions to pad values onto the edges
of an n-dimensional array.
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Rounds arr inplace if destination dtype is integer.
Parameters
----------
arr : ndarray
Input array.
dtype : dtype
The dtype of the destination array.
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Construct tuple of slices to slice an array in the given dimension.
Parameters
----------
sl : slice
The slice for the given dimension.
axis : int
The axis to which `sl` is applied. All other dimensions are left
"unsliced".
Returns
-------
sl : tuple of slices
A tuple with slices matching `shape` in length.
Examples
--------
>>> _slice_at_axis(slice(None, 3, -1), 1)
(slice(None, None, None), slice(None, 3, -1), (...,))
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Get a view of the current region of interest during iterative padding.
When padding multiple dimensions iteratively corner values are
unnecessarily overwritten multiple times. This function reduces the
working area for the first dimensions so that corners are excluded.
Parameters
----------
array : ndarray
The array with the region of interest.
original_area_slice : tuple of slices
Denotes the area with original values of the unpadded array.
axis : int
The currently padded dimension assuming that `axis` is padded before
`axis` + 1.
Returns
-------
roi : ndarray
The region of interest of the original `array`.
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Pad array on all sides with either a single value or undefined values.
Parameters
----------
array : ndarray
Array to grow.
pad_width : sequence of tuple[int, int]
Pad width on both sides for each dimension in `arr`.
fill_value : scalar, optional
If provided the padded area is filled with this value, otherwise
the pad area left undefined.
Returns
-------
padded : ndarray
The padded array with the same dtype as`array`. Its order will default
to C-style if `array` is not F-contiguous.
original_area_slice : tuple
A tuple of slices pointing to the area of the original array.
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Set empty-padded area in given dimension.
Parameters
----------
padded : ndarray
Array with the pad area which is modified inplace.
axis : int
Dimension with the pad area to set.
width_pair : (int, int)
Pair of widths that mark the pad area on both sides in the given
dimension.
value_pair : tuple of scalars or ndarrays
Values inserted into the pad area on each side. It must match or be
broadcastable to the shape of `arr`.
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Retrieve edge values from empty-padded array in given dimension.
Parameters
----------
padded : ndarray
Empty-padded array.
axis : int
Dimension in which the edges are considered.
width_pair : (int, int)
Pair of widths that mark the pad area on both sides in the given
dimension.
Returns
-------
left_edge, right_edge : ndarray
Edge values of the valid area in `padded` in the given dimension. Its
shape will always match `padded` except for the dimension given by
`axis` which will have a length of 1.
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Construct linear ramps for empty-padded array in given dimension.
Parameters
----------
padded : ndarray
Empty-padded array.
axis : int
Dimension in which the ramps are constructed.
width_pair : (int, int)
Pair of widths that mark the pad area on both sides in the given
dimension.
end_value_pair : (scalar, scalar)
End values for the linear ramps which form the edge of the fully padded
array. These values are included in the linear ramps.
Returns
-------
left_ramp, right_ramp : ndarray
Linear ramps to set on both sides of `padded`.
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Calculate statistic for the empty-padded array in given dimension.
Parameters
----------
padded : ndarray
Empty-padded array.
axis : int
Dimension in which the statistic is calculated.
width_pair : (int, int)
Pair of widths that mark the pad area on both sides in the given
dimension.
length_pair : 2-element sequence of None or int
Gives the number of values in valid area from each side that is
taken into account when calculating the statistic. If None the entire
valid area in `padded` is considered.
stat_func : function
Function to compute statistic. The expected signature is
``stat_func(x: ndarray, axis: int, keepdims: bool) -> ndarray``.
Returns
-------
left_stat, right_stat : ndarray
Calculated statistic for both sides of `padded`.
r r Nz,stat_length of 0 yields no value for paddingT)r �keepdims) r$ r �amax�amin�
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Pad `axis` of `arr` with reflection.
Parameters
----------
padded : ndarray
Input array of arbitrary shape.
axis : int
Axis along which to pad `arr`.
width_pair : (int, int)
Pair of widths that mark the pad area on both sides in the given
dimension.
method : str
Controls method of reflection; options are 'even' or 'odd'.
include_edge : bool
If true, edge value is included in reflection, otherwise the edge
value forms the symmetric axis to the reflection.
Returns
-------
pad_amt : tuple of ints, length 2
New index positions of padding to do along the `axis`. If these are
both 0, padding is done in this dimension.
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Pad `axis` of `arr` with wrapped values.
Parameters
----------
padded : ndarray
Input array of arbitrary shape.
axis : int
Axis along which to pad `arr`.
width_pair : (int, int)
Pair of widths that mark the pad area on both sides in the given
dimension.
Returns
-------
pad_amt : tuple of ints, length 2
New index positions of padding to do along the `axis`. If these are
both 0, padding is done in this dimension.
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Broadcast `x` to an array with the shape (`ndim`, 2).
A helper function for `pad` that prepares and validates arguments like
`pad_width` for iteration in pairs.
Parameters
----------
x : {None, scalar, array-like}
The object to broadcast to the shape (`ndim`, 2).
ndim : int
Number of pairs the broadcasted `x` will have.
as_index : bool, optional
If `x` is not None, try to round each element of `x` to an integer
(dtype `np.intp`) and ensure every element is positive.
Returns
-------
pairs : nested iterables, shape (`ndim`, 2)
The broadcasted version of `x`.
Raises
------
ValueError
If `as_index` is True and `x` contains negative elements.
Or if `x` is not broadcastable to the shape (`ndim`, 2).
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Pad an array.
Parameters
----------
array : array_like of rank N
The array to pad.
pad_width : {sequence, array_like, int}
Number of values padded to the edges of each axis.
((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique pad widths
for each axis.
((before, after),) yields same before and after pad for each axis.
(pad,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = pad width for all
axes.
mode : str or function, optional
One of the following string values or a user supplied function.
'constant' (default)
Pads with a constant value.
'edge'
Pads with the edge values of array.
'linear_ramp'
Pads with the linear ramp between end_value and the
array edge value.
'maximum'
Pads with the maximum value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'mean'
Pads with the mean value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'median'
Pads with the median value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'minimum'
Pads with the minimum value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'reflect'
Pads with the reflection of the vector mirrored on
the first and last values of the vector along each
axis.
'symmetric'
Pads with the reflection of the vector mirrored
along the edge of the array.
'wrap'
Pads with the wrap of the vector along the axis.
The first values are used to pad the end and the
end values are used to pad the beginning.
'empty'
Pads with undefined values.
.. versionadded:: 1.17
<function>
Padding function, see Notes.
stat_length : sequence or int, optional
Used in 'maximum', 'mean', 'median', and 'minimum'. Number of
values at edge of each axis used to calculate the statistic value.
((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique statistic
lengths for each axis.
((before, after),) yields same before and after statistic lengths
for each axis.
(stat_length,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = statistic
length for all axes.
Default is ``None``, to use the entire axis.
constant_values : sequence or scalar, optional
Used in 'constant'. The values to set the padded values for each
axis.
``((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N))`` unique pad constants
for each axis.
``((before, after),)`` yields same before and after constants for each
axis.
``(constant,)`` or ``constant`` is a shortcut for ``before = after = constant`` for
all axes.
Default is 0.
end_values : sequence or scalar, optional
Used in 'linear_ramp'. The values used for the ending value of the
linear_ramp and that will form the edge of the padded array.
``((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N))`` unique end values
for each axis.
``((before, after),)`` yields same before and after end values for each
axis.
``(constant,)`` or ``constant`` is a shortcut for ``before = after = constant`` for
all axes.
Default is 0.
reflect_type : {'even', 'odd'}, optional
Used in 'reflect', and 'symmetric'. The 'even' style is the
default with an unaltered reflection around the edge value. For
the 'odd' style, the extended part of the array is created by
subtracting the reflected values from two times the edge value.
Returns
-------
pad : ndarray
Padded array of rank equal to `array` with shape increased
according to `pad_width`.
Notes
-----
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
For an array with rank greater than 1, some of the padding of later
axes is calculated from padding of previous axes. This is easiest to
think about with a rank 2 array where the corners of the padded array
are calculated by using padded values from the first axis.
The padding function, if used, should modify a rank 1 array in-place. It
has the following signature::
padding_func(vector, iaxis_pad_width, iaxis, kwargs)
where
vector : ndarray
A rank 1 array already padded with zeros. Padded values are
vector[:iaxis_pad_width[0]] and vector[-iaxis_pad_width[1]:].
iaxis_pad_width : tuple
A 2-tuple of ints, iaxis_pad_width[0] represents the number of
values padded at the beginning of vector where
iaxis_pad_width[1] represents the number of values padded at
the end of vector.
iaxis : int
The axis currently being calculated.
kwargs : dict
Any keyword arguments the function requires.
Examples
--------
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'constant', constant_values=(4, 6))
array([4, 4, 1, ..., 6, 6, 6])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'edge')
array([1, 1, 1, ..., 5, 5, 5])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'linear_ramp', end_values=(5, -4))
array([ 5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, -1, -4])
>>> np.pad(a, (2,), 'maximum')
array([5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5])
>>> np.pad(a, (2,), 'mean')
array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3])
>>> np.pad(a, (2,), 'median')
array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3])
>>> a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
>>> np.pad(a, ((3, 2), (2, 3)), 'minimum')
array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1]])
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'reflect')
array([3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'reflect', reflect_type='odd')
array([-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'symmetric')
array([2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'symmetric', reflect_type='odd')
array([0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'wrap')
array([4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3])
>>> def pad_with(vector, pad_width, iaxis, kwargs):
... pad_value = kwargs.get('padder', 10)
... vector[:pad_width[0]] = pad_value
... vector[-pad_width[1]:] = pad_value
>>> a = np.arange(6)
>>> a = a.reshape((2, 3))
>>> np.pad(a, 2, pad_with)
array([[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 0, 1, 2, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 3, 4, 5, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]])
>>> np.pad(a, 2, pad_with, padder=100)
array([[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 0, 1, 2, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 3, 4, 5, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100]])
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